If you are searching for a college chemistry online course, it is likely you need to take this course to get into grad school.

College chemistry courses are essential prerequisites for healthcare careers, science degrees, and numerous professional programs. With advances in online education technology, you can now complete both general chemistry and organic chemistry through flexible, interactive online courses that offer virtual labs, 3D molecular modeling, and expert instruction.

Online chemistry education has revolutionized how students learn complex chemical concepts, offering visualization tools and simulation software that often surpass traditional classroom experiences. Whether you need general chemistry for basic science requirements or organic chemistry for medical school prerequisites, online options provide quality education that fits your schedule and learning style.

This comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know about college chemistry online, including program comparisons, virtual lab technologies, success strategies, and career applications.

Understanding College Chemistry Requirements

General Chemistry vs. Organic Chemistry

General Chemistry:

  • Foundation course covering atomic structure, bonding, and basic reactions
  • 2 semesters (8 credit hours) typically required
  • Prerequisites: High school chemistry and college algebra
  • Applications: Required for all science majors and most health programs
  • Content: Stoichiometry, thermodynamics, equilibrium, acids/bases, electrochemistry

Organic Chemistry:

  • Advanced course focusing on carbon-based compounds and biological molecules
  • 2 semesters (8 credit hours) for most programs
  • Prerequisites: General chemistry sequence completed
  • Applications: Essential for medical school, pharmacy, biochemistry
  • Content: Molecular structure, reaction mechanisms, synthesis, spectroscopy

Programs Requiring Chemistry

Healthcare Fields:

  • Medical School: General chemistry (2 semesters) + organic chemistry (2 semesters)
  • Pharmacy School: Extensive chemistry requirements including biochemistry
  • Nursing Programs: General chemistry (1-2 semesters) depending on degree level
  • Physician Assistant: General chemistry + organic chemistry
  • Physical Therapy: General chemistry required for most DPT programs
  • Veterinary Medicine: Comprehensive chemistry sequence including organic

Science and Engineering:

  • Chemistry/Biochemistry Majors: Extensive chemistry coursework
  • Biology Programs: General chemistry + often organic chemistry
  • Engineering Fields: General chemistry for materials and chemical processes
  • Environmental Science: Chemistry for pollution and remediation studies
  • Forensic Science: Analytical and organic chemistry applications

According to the American Chemical Society, chemistry-related occupations are projected to grow 6% from 2021 to 2031, creating demand for quality chemistry education.

Benefits of Online Chemistry Learning

Advanced Learning Technologies

Molecular Visualization:

  • 3D molecular modeling software for spatial understanding
  • Interactive animations showing chemical reactions and mechanisms
  • Virtual reality applications for immersive molecular exploration
  • Augmented reality tools overlaying chemical structures on real environments
  • Simulation software for complex reaction pathways

Virtual Laboratory Experiences:

  • Realistic lab simulations with accurate chemical behavior
  • Safety training modules without exposure to hazardous chemicals
  • Instrumentation simulations for expensive analytical equipment
  • Data analysis tools for experimental results interpretation
  • Unlimited practice with repeatable experiments

Flexible Learning Options:

  • Self-paced programs allowing personalized timeline completion
  • 24/7 access to course materials and resources
  • Mobile compatibility for studying anywhere, anytime
  • Recorded lectures for concept review and reinforcement
  • Interactive problem-solving with immediate feedback

Cost and Convenience Advantages

Financial Benefits:

  • 40-50% cost savings compared to traditional courses
  • No commuting expenses or parking fees
  • Digital textbooks often included or discounted
  • No lab breakage fees or equipment replacement costs
  • Maintain employment while completing coursework

Schedule Flexibility:

  • Work around employment and family commitments
  • Study during optimal learning times (morning vs. evening preference)
  • Pause and replay difficult concepts multiple times
  • Accelerated completion possible with intensive study
  • No geographical constraints for accessing quality programs

Top Online Chemistry Programs

Self-Paced Online Options

PrereqCourses.com

  • General Chemistry: $695 per 4-credit course
  • Organic Chemistry: $695 per 4-credit course
  • Duration: Self-paced, 3-6 months typical completion
  • Features: Monthly start dates, comprehensive virtual labs, MCAT integration
  • Accreditation: Upper Iowa University (regionally accredited)
  • Website: prereqcourses.com

Portage Learning

  • General Chemistry: $1,785 per course
  • Organic Chemistry: $1,785 per course
  • Duration: Self-paced, 4-16 weeks completion range
  • Features: One-on-one tutoring, unlimited course access
  • Accreditation: Geneva College (regionally accredited)
  • Website: portagelearning.com

University of New England Online

  • General Chemistry: $1,195 per course
  • Organic Chemistry: $1,195 per course
  • Duration: 16-week semesters or 8-week accelerated
  • Features: Research university quality, expert faculty
  • Accreditation: New England Commission of Higher Education
  • Website: une.edu

University Online Programs

Arizona State University Online

  • Cost: $540-783 per credit hour
  • Features: Same curriculum as on-campus, renowned chemistry faculty
  • Lab Component: Virtual labs with simulation software
  • Accreditation: Higher Learning Commission
  • Website: asuonline.asu.edu

Penn State World Campus

  • Cost: $674-908 per credit hour
  • Features: Research university quality, comprehensive support
  • Lab Component: Home lab kits with virtual components
  • Accreditation: Middle States Commission on Higher Education
  • Website: worldcampus.psu.edu

Colorado State University Global

  • Cost: $550 per credit hour
  • Features: Competency-based learning, flexible scheduling
  • Lab Component: Virtual laboratory simulations
  • Accreditation: Higher Learning Commission
  • Website: csuglobal.edu

Community College Online Programs

Rio Salado College (Arizona)

  • Cost: $88-331 per credit hour
  • Features: Very affordable, open enrollment
  • Scheduling: 16-week semesters, 8-week sessions available
  • Website: riosalado.edu

Coastline Community College (California)

  • Cost: $46-336 per credit hour
  • Features: California community college system benefits
  • Transfer: Excellent agreements with UC and CSU systems
  • Website: coastline.edu

Northern Virginia Community College

  • Cost: $178-356 per credit hour
  • Features: Strong chemistry programs, transfer agreements
  • Support: Comprehensive online student services
  • Website: nvcc.edu

Virtual Laboratory Technology

General Chemistry Virtual Labs

Simulation Platforms:

  • ChemCollective (Carnegie Mellon): Realistic virtual lab environment
  • Late Nite Labs: Comprehensive general chemistry lab curriculum
  • McGraw Hill Connect: Integrated virtual labs with textbook content
  • Pearson MyLab Chemistry: Interactive simulations and assessments

Common Lab Experiences:

  • Stoichiometry experiments with mass measurements and calculations
  • Acid-base titrations with pH indicators and data analysis
  • Calorimetry studies measuring heat transfer and energy changes
  • Spectroscopy analysis identifying unknown compounds
  • Electrochemistry experiments exploring oxidation-reduction reactions

Advanced Features:

  • Realistic equipment models simulating actual laboratory instruments
  • Accurate data generation based on real chemical properties
  • Safety protocols integrated into experimental procedures
  • Collaborative features for group lab work and discussions
  • Assessment tools for lab report writing and data interpretation

Organic Chemistry Virtual Labs

Specialized Software:

  • ChemSketch: Molecular drawing and structure prediction
  • MarvinSketch: Advanced chemical drawing and analysis
  • Virtual ChemLab: Organic chemistry reaction simulations
  • Organic Chemistry Mechanisms: Interactive mechanism practice

Laboratory Simulations:

  • Synthesis reactions with step-by-step guidance
  • Purification techniques including distillation and crystallization
  • Spectroscopic analysis (NMR, IR, MS) for structure determination
  • Chromatography simulations for compound separation
  • Mechanism studies with electron flow visualization

Interactive Features:

  • 3D molecular models for stereochemistry understanding
  • Reaction mechanism animations showing bond formation/breaking
  • Virtual instrumentation for analytical techniques
  • Data interpretation exercises with real spectral data
  • Problem-solving scenarios applying synthetic strategies

Course Structure and Content

General Chemistry Sequence

General Chemistry I:

  • Atomic structure and periodic trends
  • Chemical bonding and molecular geometry
  • Stoichiometry and chemical equations
  • States of matter and intermolecular forces
  • Thermochemistry and energy changes
  • Laboratory: Measurement, stoichiometry, thermodynamics

General Chemistry II:

  • Chemical kinetics and reaction rates
  • Chemical equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s principle
  • Acid-base chemistry and pH calculations
  • Electrochemistry and redox reactions
  • Nuclear chemistry and radioactivity
  • Laboratory: Kinetics, equilibrium, electrochemistry

Organic Chemistry Sequence

Organic Chemistry I:

  • Structure and bonding in organic molecules
  • Functional groups and nomenclature
  • Stereochemistry and molecular chirality
  • Alkanes and cycloalkanes conformations and reactions
  • Substitution and elimination reactions and mechanisms
  • Laboratory: Synthesis, purification, analysis techniques

Organic Chemistry II:

  • Aromatic compounds and electrophilic aromatic substitution
  • Carbonyl chemistry aldehydes, ketones, and reactions
  • Carboxylic acids and derivatives
  • Amines and nitrogen-containing compounds
  • Advanced topics including biochemical applications
  • Laboratory: Multi-step synthesis, spectroscopy, advanced techniques

Learning Objectives

General Chemistry Goals:

  • Quantitative problem-solving with chemical calculations
  • Understanding chemical principles governing matter and energy
  • Laboratory skills for experimental design and data analysis
  • Scientific communication through lab reports and presentations
  • Safety awareness in chemical handling and procedures

Organic Chemistry Goals:

  • Structural analysis and molecular recognition
  • Reaction mechanism understanding and prediction
  • Synthetic strategy development for complex molecules
  • Spectroscopic interpretation for structure determination
  • Biological applications connecting chemistry to life processes

Success Strategies for Online Chemistry

General Chemistry Study Techniques

Problem-Solving Mastery:

  • Practice daily calculations with dimensional analysis
  • Work through textbook problems systematically
  • Use online problem databases for additional practice
  • Form virtual study groups for collaborative problem-solving
  • Seek help immediately when concepts are unclear

Conceptual Understanding:

  • Connect macroscopic observations to molecular explanations
  • Use visualization tools for abstract concepts like orbitals
  • Create concept maps linking related topics
  • Practice with simulation software to see chemical behavior
  • Relate chemistry to everyday experiences and applications

Laboratory Success:

  • Read procedures thoroughly before starting virtual experiments
  • Take detailed notes during simulations
  • Practice calculations before collecting data
  • Understand safety protocols even in virtual environments
  • Connect lab work to theoretical concepts from lectures

Organic Chemistry Mastery

Structural Understanding:

  • Draw structures daily from memory and by name
  • Practice stereochemistry with 3D molecular models
  • Learn functional groups through repetition and application
  • Use molecular model kits for spatial visualization
  • Master nomenclature through consistent practice

Mechanism Proficiency:

  • Practice arrow-pushing mechanisms daily
  • Understand electron flow patterns and principles
  • Learn reaction types and their characteristic features
  • Use mechanism databases for additional practice
  • Connect mechanisms to product outcomes and selectivity

Synthesis Planning:

  • Work backwards from target molecules (retrosynthesis)
  • Learn key reactions and their applications
  • Practice multi-step syntheses with virtual lab software
  • Understand reagent selectivity and reaction conditions
  • Study real-world examples from pharmaceutical chemistry

Time Management and Study Planning

Weekly Schedule Recommendations:

  • General Chemistry: 15-20 hours per week total
    • Lecture content: 4-5 hours
    • Problem-solving: 6-8 hours
    • Lab work: 3-4 hours
    • Review and exam prep: 2-3 hours
  • Organic Chemistry: 20-25 hours per week total
    • Lecture content: 5-6 hours
    • Mechanism practice: 8-10 hours
    • Lab work: 4-5 hours
    • Review and integration: 3-4 hours

Daily Study Routine:

  • Morning review: 30 minutes of previous material
  • New content: 1-2 hours of lecture or reading
  • Active practice: 2-3 hours of problems or mechanisms
  • Lab work: 1-2 hours with virtual simulations
  • Evening review: 30 minutes consolidation and planning

Overcoming Common Challenges

General Chemistry Challenges

Mathematical Problem-Solving:

  • Review algebra skills if needed before starting
  • Practice dimensional analysis extensively
  • Use systematic approaches to multi-step problems
  • Check answers for reasonableness and units
  • Seek tutoring for persistent mathematical difficulties

Abstract Concepts:

  • Use multiple visualization tools for atomic and molecular models
  • Connect to real-world examples whenever possible
  • Practice with interactive simulations to see dynamic processes
  • Form study groups to discuss difficult concepts
  • Ask questions during virtual office hours

Organic Chemistry Challenges

Information Overload:

  • Focus on patterns rather than memorizing individual reactions
  • Group similar reactions by mechanism type
  • Use active learning techniques like teaching others
  • Create summary sheets for reaction categories
  • Practice regularly rather than cramming before exams

Stereochemistry Visualization:

  • Use 3D molecular models extensively
  • Practice with different representations (Fischer, Newman projections)
  • Work on spatial reasoning through regular practice
  • Use virtual reality tools if available
  • Draw structures from multiple perspectives

Mechanism Understanding:

  • Start with simple examples before complex reactions
  • Focus on electron movement and fundamental principles
  • Practice arrow-pushing until it becomes automatic
  • Understand the “why” behind each step
  • Connect mechanisms to experimental observations

Technology Tools and Resources

Essential Software and Apps

Molecular Modeling:

  • ChemSketch: Free chemical drawing software
  • MarvinSketch: Professional chemical drawing tool
  • Avogadro: Open-source molecular editor
  • PyMOL: Advanced molecular visualization (student licenses available)

Study and Organization:

  • Anki: Spaced repetition flashcard system
  • Notion: All-in-one workspace for notes and schedules
  • Khan Academy Chemistry: Free supplemental instruction
  • Organic Chemistry Portal: Comprehensive reaction database

Reference Resources:

  • PubChem: Chemical information database
  • ChemSpider: Chemical structure database
  • WebMOT: Web-based molecular orbital theory
  • Chemistry LibreTexts: Open-access chemistry textbooks

Free Learning Resources

Video Content:

Interactive Platforms:

Cost Analysis and Financial Planning

Program Cost Comparison (8 credits total)

Program TypeTuition RangeLab FeesMaterialsTotal Cost
Self-Paced Online$695-$3,570Included$100-200$695-$3,770
University Online$4,320-$6,264$300-600$300-500$4,920-$7,364
Community College$700-$2,688$200-400$200-400$1,100-$3,488
Traditional In-Person$3,600-$8,000$400-800$400-600$4,400-$9,400

Hidden Savings with Online Learning

Traditional Course Costs:

  • Transportation and parking: $400-1,000
  • Campus and lab fees: $300-800
  • Lost work time: $2,000-6,000
  • Total hidden costs: $2,700-$7,800

Online Additional Costs:

  • Software licenses: $0-200 (often free or included)
  • Technology upgrades: $0-500 (if needed)
  • Total additional costs: $0-$700

Net Savings: $2,000-$7,100

Financial Aid and Funding

Federal Financial Aid:

  • Pell Grants: Available for undergraduate prerequisite courses
  • Federal Student Loans: Stafford loans for enrolled students
  • Work-Study: Limited for online students but some opportunities exist

Employer Support:

  • Tuition Reimbursement: Many employers offer $2,000-5,250 annually
  • STEM Education Benefits: Some companies specifically support science education
  • Professional Development: Chemistry education may qualify for career advancement

Tax Benefits:

  • American Opportunity Credit: Up to $2,500 annually
  • Lifetime Learning Credit: Up to $2,000 annually for continuing education
  • Education Expense Deductions: Tuition and fees may be deductible

For comprehensive financial aid information, visit Federal Student Aid.

Career Applications and MCAT Integration

Medical School Preparation

MCAT Chemistry Content:

  • Chemical and Physical Foundations: 25% of MCAT questions
  • General chemistry concepts: 65% of chemistry content
  • Organic chemistry concepts: 35% of chemistry content
  • Integration with biology: Biochemistry and molecular biology applications

High-Yield Topics:

  • Acid-base chemistry and pH calculations
  • Thermodynamics and energy relationships
  • Organic functional groups and reactions
  • Spectroscopy for structure determination
  • Enzyme kinetics and catalysis

Study Integration:

  • Connect chemistry concepts to biological applications
  • Practice MCAT-style passages during chemistry coursework
  • Use chemistry knowledge for biochemistry understanding
  • Focus on problem-solving skills and data interpretation

Other Healthcare Applications

Pharmacy School:

  • Medicinal chemistry understanding drug structures and actions
  • Pharmacokinetics using chemistry principles for drug metabolism
  • Drug interactions based on chemical compatibility
  • Quality control analytical chemistry for drug purity

Nursing and Allied Health:

  • Medication administration understanding drug chemistry
  • IV fluid calculations using chemistry problem-solving skills
  • Body chemistry acid-base balance and electrolyte management
  • Infection control chemical disinfection and sterilization

Science and Research Careers

Laboratory Sciences:

  • Analytical chemistry for quality control and testing
  • Clinical laboratory chemical analysis of biological samples
  • Environmental chemistry pollution monitoring and remediation
  • Forensic science chemical analysis of evidence

Industry Applications:

  • Pharmaceutical industry drug discovery and development
  • Chemical manufacturing process optimization and safety
  • Materials science developing new chemical products
  • Food science chemical analysis and preservation

Student Success Stories

Career Changer: Business to Medicine

Mark, Marketing Manager → Medical Student

  • Challenge: Needed chemistry prerequisites while working full-time
  • Solution: Self-paced online courses completed over 18 months
  • Strategy: Early morning study (5-7 AM), weekend lab intensives
  • Tools: Virtual lab software, molecular modeling apps, online study groups
  • Outcome: A- average in general and organic chemistry, 517 MCAT score
  • Result: Accepted to medical school with strong science foundation

Working Parent: Nursing Career Change

Lisa, Teacher → Nurse Practitioner

  • Challenge: Single mother needing flexible schedule for chemistry prerequisites
  • Solution: Community college online chemistry with virtual labs
  • Strategy: Evening study after children’s bedtime, summer intensives
  • Support: University tutoring services, study group participation
  • Outcome: B+ grades in chemistry sequence, strong nursing school performance
  • Result: Completed nurse practitioner program with chemistry confidence

Military Spouse: Flexibility During Moves

Sarah, Military Spouse → Pharmacy School

  • Challenge: Multiple relocations during spouse’s military career
  • Solution: Self-paced online organic chemistry allowing location flexibility
  • Benefits: Downloaded materials for offline study, virtual office hours
  • Adaptation: Continued studies through three different time zones
  • Outcome: Completed chemistry requirements despite frequent moves
  • Result: Accepted to pharmacy program with strong academic record

Choosing the Right Online Chemistry Program

Program Evaluation Criteria

Academic Quality:

  • Regional accreditation from recognized agencies
  • Faculty qualifications with advanced chemistry degrees
  • Curriculum comprehensiveness covering all required topics
  • Student success rates and program outcomes
  • Transfer credit acceptance by target institutions

Technology and Support:

  • Virtual lab quality with realistic simulations
  • Software accessibility and technical requirements
  • Student support services including tutoring and advising
  • Instructor availability through virtual office hours
  • Technical support for platform and software issues

Flexibility and Cost:

  • Schedule options (self-paced vs. semester-based)
  • Start date availability and enrollment flexibility
  • Total program cost including all fees and materials
  • Financial aid compatibility and payment options
  • Value proposition compared to traditional alternatives

Decision-Making Process

Step 1: Requirements Assessment

  • Identify specific chemistry requirements for target programs
  • Determine timeline for completion based on career goals
  • Assess learning style preferences and technology comfort
  • Evaluate budget and funding options

Step 2: Program Research

  • Compare 5-7 programs using evaluation criteria
  • Read student reviews and success stories
  • Contact admissions offices with specific questions
  • Request demonstrations or trial access when available

Step 3: Technology Preparation

  • Verify computer and internet specifications
  • Test virtual lab software and platform compatibility
  • Plan for any necessary equipment upgrades
  • Set up dedicated study environment

Step 4: Success Planning

  • Create realistic study schedule and timeline
  • Identify support resources and tutoring options
  • Plan integration with other courses or commitments
  • Commit to consistent effort and academic excellence

Technology Requirements

Essential Computer Specifications

  • Operating System: Windows 10+, macOS 10.15+, or current Linux
  • Processor: Dual-core 2.5GHz minimum, quad-core recommended
  • Memory: 8GB RAM minimum, 16GB recommended for chemistry software
  • Storage: 100GB available space for software and course materials
  • Graphics: Integrated graphics sufficient, dedicated GPU helpful for 3D modeling

Internet and Software Requirements

  • Internet Speed: 25 Mbps download, stable connection required
  • Browser: Updated Chrome, Firefox, Safari, or Edge
  • Software: Chemistry drawing programs, molecular modeling applications
  • Peripherals: Webcam and microphone for proctored exams and office hours

Frequently Asked Questions

Course Acceptance and Quality

Q: Do medical schools accept online chemistry courses? A: Yes, most medical schools accept online chemistry courses from regionally accredited institutions. The AAMC reports that 89% of medical schools accept online prerequisites when they meet the same rigor and credit requirements as traditional courses.

Q: Are virtual chemistry labs effective for learning? A: Modern virtual chemistry labs are highly effective, often providing advantages like safety, repeatability, and access to expensive equipment simulations. Many students report better understanding through interactive virtual experiments.

Q: How do online chemistry courses compare to traditional classes? A: Online chemistry courses maintain the same academic rigor as traditional courses while offering enhanced flexibility and often superior technology tools for visualization and learning.

Practical Considerations

Q: How much time should I dedicate to online chemistry? A: Plan for 15-20 hours per week for general chemistry and 20-25 hours per week for organic chemistry, including lecture content, problem-solving, lab work, and review.

Q: What technology do I need for online chemistry success? A: A reliable computer with good graphics capabilities, stable internet, and access to chemistry software for molecular modeling and virtual labs. Most programs provide detailed technical requirements.

Q: Can I work full-time while taking online chemistry? A: Many students successfully balance full-time work with online chemistry. The key is creating a consistent study schedule and using the flexibility of online learning effectively.

Academic Performance

Q: Is online chemistry harder than traditional courses? A: The academic content is equivalent, but online chemistry requires stronger self-discipline and time management. Many students find the interactive tools and flexible pacing actually improve their learning.

Q: How do I succeed in organic chemistry online? A: Focus on daily practice with mechanisms and structures, use 3D molecular modeling software extensively, participate in virtual study groups, and seek help immediately when concepts are unclear.

Q: Will online chemistry prepare me for the MCAT? A: Yes, online chemistry courses provide excellent MCAT preparation. The comprehensive content coverage and problem-solving focus align well with MCAT chemistry sections.

Conclusion

Online college chemistry education offers an excellent pathway to completing general and organic chemistry requirements while maintaining flexibility for work, family, and other commitments. With advanced virtual lab technology, 3D molecular modeling, and interactive simulations, online chemistry courses often provide superior learning experiences compared to traditional classroom instruction.

Key Success Factors:

Academic Excellence:

  • Choose regionally accredited programs meeting your target institution requirements
  • Dedicate adequate study time and maintain consistent effort
  • Engage actively with virtual labs and molecular modeling software
  • Seek help early when concepts are challenging

Technology Integration:

  • Embrace virtual lab simulations as powerful learning tools
  • Use 3D molecular models for spatial understanding
  • Practice with chemistry software for professional skill development
  • Stay organized with digital study management tools

Time Management:

  • Create realistic study schedules adapted to your lifestyle
  • Balance theoretical learning with practical problem-solving
  • Use flexible scheduling advantages of online learning
  • Plan intensive review periods before major assessments

Career Impact:

Your chemistry education provides essential foundation for:

  • Healthcare careers requiring scientific literacy and problem-solving skills
  • Research opportunities in chemical, biological, and medical sciences
  • Professional development in science-related industries
  • MCAT preparation for medical school admission
  • Graduate study in chemistry, biochemistry, and related fields

Take Action Today:

  1. Research programs that align with your career goals and schedule
  2. Verify requirements with your target professional or graduate programs
  3. Assess technology readiness and plan necessary preparations
  4. Create a timeline for chemistry sequence completion
  5. Enroll and commit to academic excellence in your studies

The scientific foundation you build through online chemistry education will serve you throughout your career, whether in healthcare, research, industry, or education. Modern online chemistry programs provide the flexibility you need and the rigor you deserve, preparing you for success in your chosen field.

Start your chemistry journey today and build the knowledge foundation for your professional success.


Online chemistry education has evolved to provide comprehensive, rigorous instruction that often exceeds traditional classroom experiences. With proper program selection, dedicated study habits, and effective use of available technology, you can master general and organic chemistry while maintaining your current commitments and responsibilities.